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Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium.
Endometrial cancer typically develops when cells in the endometrium mutate and grow out of control, forming a tumor. The exact cause of these mutations is often unknown, but certain factors such as hormonal imbalances, obesity, age, and a history of certain conditions like endometrial hyperplasia or polycystic ovary syndrome may increase the risk of developing this cancer.
Here are some common types as below:
- Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer
- Non-endometrioid Endometrial Cancer
Following are the procedure steps:
Diagnostic Procedures:
1. Pelvic Examination:
A physical examination of the pelvis may be conducted to check for any abnormalities.
2. Transvaginal Ultrasound:
This imaging test uses sound waves to create pictures of the uterus and may help detect abnormalities such as thickening of the endometrium.
3. Endometrial Biopsy:
A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) for examination under a microscope. This is the most common procedure for diagnosing endometrial cancer.
4. Hysteroscopy:
In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube with a camera (hysteroscope) is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus to visually examine the lining of the uterus. It may also allow for the removal of tissue samples for biopsy.
Staging Procedures: If endometrial cancer is diagnosed, further tests may be done to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, or chest X-rays.
Treatment Procedures:
1. Surgery:
Surgery is the primary treatment for most cases of endometrial cancer. The main surgical procedure is a hysterectomy, which involves removing the uterus and often the fallopian tubes and ovaries as well. In some cases, lymph nodes in the pelvis and abdomen may also be removed for staging purposes or to treat cancer that has spread.
2. Radiation Therapy:
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells. It may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be recommended for endometrial cancer that has spread beyond the uterus or for certain subtypes of endometrial cancer that are more aggressive.
Hormone Therapy:
Hormone therapy may be used for endometrial cancers that are hormone receptor-positive. This treatment involves blocking the effects of estrogen on cancer cells.