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Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, but it is also one of the most preventable through screening and early detection. Symptoms of colorectal cancer may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal discomfort, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue.
Treatment options for colorectal cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer.
Here are some common types as below:
- Adenocarcinoma
- Carcinoid tumors
- Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
- Lymphoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes
Following are the procedure steps:
Screening: Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for individuals at average risk starting at age 45 to 50, depending on guidelines from various medical organizations. Screening tests may include fecal occult blood tests, stool DNA tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy (CT colonography), or double-contrast barium enema.
Diagnosis: If an abnormality is found during screening or if a person experiences symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer, further diagnostic tests are performed. These may include colonoscopy, during which a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the colon to examine it, and tissue samples (biopsies) may be taken for analysis.
Staging: Once colorectal cancer is diagnosed, imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, and sometimes ultrasound are performed to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. Staging helps doctors plan the appropriate treatment.
Treatment: Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, its location, and the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include:
1. Surgery:
The main treatment for localized colorectal cancer involves removing the cancerous tissue along with a margin of healthy tissue. The type of surgery may vary, including minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery.
2. Chemotherapy:
Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant), after surgery (adjuvant), or in combination with other treatments.
3. Radiation therapy:
High-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. It may be used before surgery to shrink tumors, after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells, or in combination with chemotherapy.
4. Targeted therapy:
Drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth may be used in certain cases, such as tumors with specific genetic mutations.
5. Immunotherapy:
This treatment helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It may be used in advanced colorectal cancer that has certain genetic characteristics.
Follow-up: After treatment, patients undergo regular follow-up appointments with their healthcare team to monitor for any signs of cancer recurrence or treatment-related side effects. Follow-up may include physical exams, blood tests, imaging tests, and colonoscopies.