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Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the breast.
Breast cancer can vary widely in its behavior, from slow-growing to aggressive, and it has the potential to spread to other parts of the body (metastasize) if not detected and treated early. It is the most common cancer among women worldwide, but it can also affect men, although it is much less common in men than in women.
The main types of breast cancer include:
- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
- Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
- Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
- HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Following are the procedure steps:
Screening: Regular screening for breast cancer is important for early detection, when treatment is often most effective. Screening methods may include mammograms, clinical breast exams, and breast self-exams. Guidelines for screening frequency may vary based on factors such as age, family history, and personal risk factors.
Diagnosis: If abnormalities are detected during screening or if symptoms are present, further diagnostic tests may be performed. These tests may include:
Diagnostic mammography:
A more detailed mammogram to further evaluate suspicious areas.
Breast ultrasound:
Uses sound waves to create images of the breast tissue and can help distinguish between solid masses and fluid-filled cysts.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Provides detailed images of the breast tissue and may be used in certain cases, such as evaluating extent of disease.
Biopsy:
Removal of a sample of breast tissue for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer is present. Types of biopsy may include core needle biopsy or surgical biopsy.
Staging: If breast cancer is diagnosed, staging is performed to determine the extent of the disease and help guide treatment decisions. Staging may involve imaging tests (such as CT scans, PET scans, or bone scans) and assessment of factors such as tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastasis (spread to distant organs).
Treatment: Treatment for breast cancer may involve one or more of the following approaches, depending on factors such as the type and stage of cancer, as well as individual patient preferences and health status:
Surgery:
Options may include lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue) or mastectomy (removal of the entire breast). Sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection may also be performed to assess lymph node involvement.
Radiation therapy:
Uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells. It may be used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells or as primary treatment for some cases.
Chemotherapy:
Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumors, after surgery (adjuvant) to kill any remaining cancer cells, or as primary treatment for advanced or metastatic disease.
Hormone therapy:
Used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, hormone therapy aims to block the effects of estrogen or progesterone on cancer cells. This may involve medications such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors.
Targeted therapy:
Targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth, such as HER2 protein in HER2-positive breast cancer. Targeted therapies may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
Follow-up care: After completing primary treatment, patients typically undergo regular follow-up visits with their healthcare team to monitor for any signs of recurrence or complications. This may involve physical exams, imaging tests, blood tests, and discussions about survivorship and supportive care.