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Dialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform this function adequately.
Dialysis
Dialysis serves as an artificial replacement for kidney function by using a machine to filter the blood.
There are primarily two types of dialysis:
- Hemodialysis
- Peritoneal Dialysis
Following are the procedure steps:
Hemodialysis Procedure:
a .Vascular Access: The first step involves creating access to the bloodstream, usually by creating an arteriovenous (AV) fistula, using an AV graft, or inserting a central venous catheter. The access point allows blood to be withdrawn from the body and returned after filtration.
b. Preparation: The patient is seated in a reclining chair next to the hemodialysis machine. Blood pressure, pulse, and weight may be measured before the session.
c. Connection to the Dialysis Machine: The vascular access point is connected to the hemodialysis machine. Blood is pumped from the patient to the dialyzer, a component of the machine that acts as an artificial kidney.
d. Filtration Process: Inside the dialyzer, blood flows on one side of a semi-permeable membrane, while dialysate (a special fluid) flows on the other side. Waste products and excess fluids pass through the membrane and are removed by the dialysate.
e. Return of Purified Blood: The purified blood is then returned to the patient's body through the vascular access.
f. Monitoring: The patient's vital signs are monitored throughout the procedure. The duration of a hemodialysis session is typically a few hours.
g. Completion: Once the session is complete, the vascular access is disconnected, and the patient may leave the dialysis center.
Peritoneal Dialysis Procedure:
a. Catheter Insertion: A catheter is surgically implanted into the abdominal cavity, typically through the wall of the abdomen.
b. Filling the Peritoneal Cavity: The patient or a machine fills the peritoneal cavity with a prescribed amount of dialysate solution.
c. Dwell Time: The dialysate remains in the peritoneal cavity for a specified dwell time, during which it absorbs waste products and excess fluids from the blood vessels in the peritoneum.
d. Draining the Dialysate: After the dwell time, the used dialysate, now containing waste products, is drained from the peritoneal cavity into a drainage bag.
e. Refilling: The process is repeated with the introduction of fresh dialysate to continue the cycle.
f. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD): In CAPD, the patient performs manual exchanges throughout the day, and no machine is required.
g. Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD): APD involves using a machine to perform cycles of filling, dwelling, and draining the dialysate while the patient sleeps.
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