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CAR-T therapy involves modifying T-cells to express specific proteins, called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), on their surface.
The therapy is particularly effective in treating hematologic malignancies, which are cancers of the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, such as leukemia and lymphoma.
Here are some common types of Hematologic Cancers Treated by CAR-T Therapy as below:
1. T-cell Collection (Leukapheresis):
The patient’s blood is collected through a process called leukapheresis, where white blood cells, specifically T-cells, are separated from the blood. The rest of the blood is returned to the patient’s body.
2. T-cell Engineering:
In a laboratory, the collected T-cells are genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). This allows them to recognize cancer-specific antigens. The modified T-cells are then expanded (multiplied) in the lab.
3. Lymphodepleting Chemotherapy:
Before the modified CAR-T cells are reinfused, the patient undergoes a short course of lymphodepleting chemotherapy. This helps reduce the number of normal white blood cells, making room for the infused CAR-T cells to proliferate and work more effectively.
4. CAR-T Cell Infusion:
The engineered CAR-T cells are infused back into the patient’s bloodstream. This is usually done in a hospital setting due to the potential for severe side effects. The CAR-T cells then begin to hunt down and attack cancer cells that express the target antigen.
5. Monitoring and Recovery:
After infusion, the patient is closely monitored for several weeks for side effects, which can include serious conditions like cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. These side effects are managed with medications and supportive care.
6. Follow-up Care:
Long-term monitoring is essential because CAR-T therapy can lead to prolonged remissions, but patients may need ongoing surveillance for side effects, relapse, and overall health.